Wide Area Networks Essays -- Technology Computers Communication Essays

Wide Area Networks The creation of wide area networks links mass communication from people all over the world with a vast variety of different uses. â€Å"A wide area network is telecommunications networks covering a large geographic area.† The internet is the biggest example of a wide area network and has influenced our daily lives all around the world. Wide area networks are connected to local area networks to enable computers to share, send, and access information on a larger scale. These recent technologies over the past 20 years have affected the way we communicate, how businesses operate, and many other factors that we take for granted. Wide area networks are a fast growing telecommunications business which are developing new technologies to help people access information easier, faster with cheaper costs. Wide Area Networks and why, where, who, and how it important? â€Å"Wide area networks are used to connect local area networks together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organization and are private, others, built by Internet service providers provide connections from an organization’s LAN to the Internet.† WANs are usually built with leased lines from different telecommunications companies. At the end of these lines is a router which allows access and transmissions through these given lines. Through various telecommunications devices and services wide area networks are the leading technology in transmitting global information and communication. â€Å"The main purpose of a WAN is to provide reliable, fast and safe communication between two or more places with low delays and at low prices.† â€Å"WANs can be linke... ...nt to help influence the computer age into a bright, and much larger future. References Duley, CJ. WAN (2000) http://www.btinternet.com/~C.J.Duley/WAN.htm O’Brien, James A. (2004) Management Information Systems: Managing information technology in the business enterprise. Sixth Edition. McGraw Hill, Boston. Ploskina, Brian DNA Lends Hand to WANs http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1759,1242507,00.asp?kc=EWNKT0209KTX1K0100440 August 28, 2001 Alliance Datacom: Wide Area Networks http://www.alliancedatacom.com/technologies/wide-area-network/wide-area-networks.asp Documentation. (2002) http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/introwan.htm#xtocid8 Cisco Systems, Inc. Wikipedia: Wide Area Network. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network Wireless Wide Area Networking Technologies (2004). http://www.rhowireless.com/wan/

Legal Rules of Consideration Essay

Legal rules as to consideration: 1) Consideration must move at the desire of the promisor:the act done or losssuffered by the promise must have been done or suffered at the desire or requestof the promisor. The act done at the desire of a third party or without the desire ofthe promisor cannot be a good consideration. It is not necessary that the promisorhimself should be benefited by the acts of the promise. The benefit may beintended for a third party. But the desire or request of the promisor is essential. Example: A sees B’s house on fire and helps in extinguishing it. B did not ask forA’s help. A cannot demand payment for his service. 2) Consideration may more from the promisee or any other person:consideration can be given or supplied by the promise or any other person who isnot a party to the contract. As long as there is a consideration it is not importantwho has given it. Therefore, a stranger to consideration can sue on a contractprovided he is not a stranger to contract. This is known as the â€Å"doctrine ofconstructive consideration†. 3) Consideration may be past, present or future: consideration may be past,present or future. But according to English law, consideration may be present orfuture but never past. 4) Consideration need not be adequate: consideration need not be adequate to thepromise, but it must be of some value in the eye of law. So long as considerationexists, the courts are not concerned as to its adequacy. Provided it is of somevalue. The adequacy of the consideration is of the parties to consider at the timeof making the agreement. However, the inadequacy of the consideration may betaken into account by the court in determining the question whether the consent ofthe promisor was freely given. This is because inadequacy may suggest fraud,mistake or coercion etc. Example: Ali agrees to sell a car worth $2,000 for $200. Ali’s consent to theagreement was freely given. The agreement is a contract not withstanding theinadequacy of consideration. 5) Consideration must be real and not illusory: Although consideration need notbe adequate, it must be real, competent and of some value in the eyes of the law. Real consideration is one which is not physically or legally impossible. If theconsideration is physically impossible, vague or legally impossible, the contractcannot be enforced. ) Consideration must be lawful. The consideration for an agreement must belawful. An agreement is valid if it is based on unlawful consideration. Consideration is unlawful: a) if it s forbidden by law or b) if of such a natural that if permitted it would defeat the provisions of nay law,or c) is fraudulent, or d) involves injury to the person or property of another, e) court regards it as immora l or opposed to public policy Example: I ) A promises to maintain B’s child and B promises to A $ 2000 yearly for thepurpose. Here, the promise of each party is the consideration for the promise ofthe other party. These are lawful considerations. II ) A promises to obtain for B, an employment in the public services, and Bpromises to pay $ 800 to A. the agreement is void as the consideration for it isunlawful. 7) Consideration may be an act or abstinence or promise: Consideration may bea promise to do something or not to do something. So it may be either positive orSubject: BUSINESS LAW LECTURER: YUSUF O. GARASADMAS UNIVERSITY COLLEGEHARGEISA-MAIN CAMPUS negative. Consideration need not always be doing some act. It can be not doing anact also. ) Consideration must be something which the promisor is not already bound todo: a promise to do what one is already bound to do, either by general law orunder an existing contract, is not a good consideration for a new promise. Therewill be no detriment to the promise or benefit to the promisor over and above theirexisting rights or obligations. Similarly, a promise to perform a public duty by apublic servant is not a good consideration. Example: A promis es to pay $ 200 to police officer for investigation into a crime. This promise is without consideration because the police officer is already boundto do so by law. Exceptions: There are, however, certain exceptions to the rule that past consideration is noconsideration. Under the exceptions, past consideration is as good as present or futureconsideration. The exceptions are as follows: 1) Services rendered at the request of the promisor. When the considerationconsists of services rendered at the request of the promisor, it is a goodconsideration. The request may be either express or implied. 2) Promise to pay a time-barred debt: where a debt is bound by limitation, thedebtor can waive the benefit of that plea and promise to discharge the debt. Such apromise is enforceable. A time-barred debt can be taken as valid consideration fora subsequent promise. 3) Negotiable instrument: where a negotiable instruments is given in considerationof some past act, that past act will form as a good consideration for the issue ofthe negotiable instrument and the party who gets the instrument can validlyenforce it. Unreal Considerations: in the following cases, the consideration is not legal because ofphysical or legal impossibility or uncertainty. The following are not real considerations. ) Physical impossibility: if a person agrees to perform an impossible act for aconsideration, the promise is not enforceable. The promise is unreal. Discoveringtreasure by magic or making two parallel straight lines meet or putting life backinto a dead body cannot be enforced as promises because of impossibility. 2) Legal impossibility: whenever the performance of a promise is legallyimpossible, consideration is not real. 3) Uncertain consideration: cons ideration is not real and is not enforceable if it isuncertain or ambiguous. Examples: A engages B for doing a certain work and promises to pay aâ€Å"reasonable sum†. There is no recognized method of ascertaining theâ€Å"reasonable† remuneration. The promise is not enforceable as it is uncertain. 4) Illusory consideration: an illusory consideration is not real and is unenforceable. Example: A promises to give B one ton of gold brought from the sun. theconsideration is sham and illusory. 5) Pre-existing legal obligations: A promise to do what one is already bound to do,either by general law or under an existing contract, is not a good consideration fora new promise. Similarly, a promise to perform a public duty by a public servantis not a consideration. Real or Good Consideration: The following are good real or considerations: 1) Forbearance to sue: forbearance to sue is a kin of abstinence. It means a personwho has a right of action against another person refrains from bringing the action. Forbearance to sue may be forever or for a short or limited time. Forbearance tosue at the desire of the debtor is a good consideration. Example: A has a right to sue his debtor B for $5000. But he postpones suing as Bagreed to pay $ 2000 more. Such forbearance is a valuable consideration for thepromise of B. 2) Compromise of a disputed claim: Compromise is a kind of forbearance. Thecompromise of a disputed claim is a good consideration for the fresh agreement ofcompromise. Example: A sues to recover a debt of $2000 from B. B denies the whole debt andpromises to pay $500 to A as a sort of compromise. This compromise of B issupported by consideration and is valid. 3) Composition with Creditors: A person who is not in a position to pay his debtsfully may call a meeting of his creditors and request them to accept a lesseramount. If the creditors and request them to accept a lesser amount. If thecreditors agree to it, the agreement is binding upon the debtor and creditors.

Rhetorical Diction In The Scarlet Letter - 1229 Words

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel, The Scarlet Letter, is a compassionate yet riveting piece of English literature that supports the movement for equality of suppressed women during a most tumultuous time during the 1800’s. Hawthorne’s use of emotional diction and imagery throughout his novel employs a deplorable tone upon the story. It serves as a stark representation of an imaginative yet realistic example of the indifference of men and women during these changing times. Deeply held Puritanical beliefs led countless of people to believe that individuals, especially women, who committed sins of any type would never reach heaven upon their passing. Men, on the other hand, were judged less severely if accused of a crime. Hester Prynne, the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe young woman was tall, with a figure of perfect elegance.† and â€Å"She had dark and abundant hair, so glossy that it through off the sunshine†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (4). While managing to face h er realities, Hester accepts her â€Å"sin† and fate with dignity. In chapter thirteen of The Scarlet Letter the audience encounters a shift of attitude by the town’s people toward Hester as they are described more tolerable and compassionate towards her. Prynne’s good deeds extend toward her fellow villagers were acknowledged with appreciation and admiration. From feeding the poor to nursing the sick back to health, Prynne’s kindness for her community was revealed and did not go unnoticed. Due to the rigidity of the Puritan faith and despite her good works, Prynne still could not be absolved nor forgiven for her actions. For example, paragraph two of chapter thirteen reads, â€Å"In this matter of Hester Prynne there was neither irritation nor irksomeness† (Hawthorne 65). This sentence adequately describes how accepting Prynne appeared of her consequences and how compliant she was in comparison to other criminals in the village. Prynne saw her future with â€Å"nothing now to lose† (65). She accepted her fate an d the shame coming from her neighbors and fellow townspeople. In addition, Hawthorne’s narrator states, â€Å"Hester’s nature showed itself warm and rich- a well spring of human tenderness, unfailing to every real demand, and inexhaustible by the largest† (66). These poignant words helped toShow MoreRelatedEssay The Truth Behind Lies 1182 Words   |  5 Pagesmisunderstanding. The novel, The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, emphasizes how sin and lies lead to humiliation and punishment. Hester Prynne was a young Puritan woman who committed adultery and was forced to wear a scarlet letter â€Å"A† next to her bosom. In spite of her sin Hester was blessed with a beautiful baby girl named Pearl. Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale punished Hester for her error even though he too committed the same crime. Through the Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne portrays hypocrisy asRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter864 Words   |  4 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorneà ¢â‚¬â„¢s The Scarlet Letter, he thoroughly exposes the social depths of the Puritan society. As a Romanticist, his values and ideals go in line with nature and individualism, which is lucidly seen by the way he writes of the so called pious who contradict this and rather emphasize conformity. To further depict the hypocrisy within the Puritan community, the use of rhetorical devices is evident as Hawthorne utilized the character of Pearl to epitomize the beauty of yielding societalRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1877 Words   |  8 PagesRhetorical Analysis During the 17th century, a Puritan commonwealth presided over Boston and was known for its strict adherence to religious, moral and social codes. In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne utilizes rhetorical strategies in order to denounce the Puritan system of beliefs and bring to light the hypocrisy of the Puritan community as he tells the agonizing story of a young woman who was condemned by society. In passage 1, the Hawthorne employs an allusion when he explains that HesterRead MoreEssay on What a Black Man Wants Rhetorical Analysis1003 Words   |  5 Pages Rhetorical Analysis of What a Black Man Wants Fredrick Douglas wrote and presented his What the Black Man Wants speech during the post civil war time period to demonstrate his straightforward views on the fact that even though the black race had just acquired freedom, they remained without equality and civil rights which gave their current freedom no meaning. Throughout his entire speech, Douglas rules over his audience with his parallel and emotional diction choice along with his assertive toneRead MoreAsyndeton : Literary Devices In Julius Caesar1815 Words   |  8 PagesAditi Patel Mrs. Edwards AP English/ 1st period 11-21-17 Rhetorical Terms: Group 2 Asyndeton: the omission of a conjunction such as â€Å"and† or â€Å"as† from a series of related clauses. â€Å"Asyndeton Examples and Definition.† Literary Devices, 30 Oct. 2015, www.literarydevices.com/asyndeton/. Example: ANTONY: O mighty Caesar! Dost thou lie so low? Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, Shrunk to this little measure? Fare thee well. —I knowRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathanial Hawthorne2079 Words   |  9 Pagesin today’s society, it was severely looked down upon in the 1800s. In The Scarlet Letter, Nathanial Hawthorne communicates the story of Hester Prynne, an adulteress. Hester Prynne lived in a Puritan Society in which women were held to high, difficult, and unjust standards by men. Evidently, she undergoes unusual punishments for her infidelities against her estranged husband. She forcibly wears an embroidered, scarlet letter A on her breast for the remainder of her life. Though physically benign, itsRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesa poem. What sounds and words get repeated? What are repeated but with slight changes? Is there rhyme? The following are kinds of musical devices. Keep in mind that the vowels are a,e,i,o,u and sometimes y, and the consonants are all of the other letters in the alphabet. Alliteration--the repetition of beginning consonant sounds For example, Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. Assonance--the repetition of vowel sounds found anywhere in a word For example, mad as a hatter, blackjackRead MoreFigurative Language and the Canterbury Tales13472 Words   |  54 Pagesseparately. -Ben Franklin †¢ Your word is sound, nothing but sound. -Ben Franklin 63. quatrain: a four line stanza 64. refrain: a repeated word, phrase, line, or group of lines, normally at some fixed position in a poem written in stanzaic form. 65. rhetorical question: when a question is asked that requires no one to answer it Eg. A good student body is perhaps the most important factor in a great school. How can you possibly make good wine from poor grapes? 66. rhyme: repetition of the accented vowelRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesopposed to histoire— story (impersonal narratives of all varieties). Thus, the term would designate only a present, living, and personalized exchange of statements, indicated by the oral or written presence of an I and a you (conversations, letters, dialogue in novels, etc.). To simplify matters, one might observe that (I) to Benveniste, story and discourse in the narrow sense are both aspects of discourse in the large sense; (2) Benveniste s story corresponds approximately to what I call